![]() Light travels faster than anything else in the universe. These videos discuss infrared, ultraviolet, and radio telescopes, as well as telescopes that detect visible light, and reveal tremendous features of the stars and galaxies around the Universe (2d): (2:19), (5:30). Light is one type of electromagnetic (EM) radiation, energy that is transmitted through space as a wave. Light can travel across empty space, and as it does, so it carries both energy and information. But for the most part, astronomers have one main source for their data - light. Very rarely matter from outside Earth’s environment reaches us, such as when a meteorite makes it through the atmosphere from elsewhere in the solar system. Astronomers observe their subjects at a distance, usually a very large distance! Electromagnetic RadiationĮarth is separated from the rest of the universe by very large expanses of space. But astronomers, scientists who study the universe beyond Earth, rarely have a chance for direct contact with their subject. Geologists can chip away at rocks to see what is inside. Physicists can subject metals to stress or smash atoms into each other. Biologists can collect cells, seeds, or sea urchins and put them in a controlled laboratory environment. Many scientists interact directly with what they are studying. Describe historical and modern observations made with telescopes.Identify different types of telescopes.Explain how astronomers use the whole electromagnetic spectrum to study the universe beyond Earth.The total weight of WXT is about 251 kg and the power consumption is less than 315 W with the electronics box. One WXT module weights 17 kg including the MPO mirror assembly, detector and electronics unit, optical baffle, structure and thermal control, with power consumption less than 13 W. All 12 modules are controlled by a single electronics box.įigure 3 Design of one module of the wide-field X-ray telescope (WXT), consisting mainly of an optical baffle, MPO plates and focal plane detectors. There are two layers of optical blocker, which are one layer of 150 nm Al and 100 nm Polyimide coated directly onto MPO chips and one layer of 50 nm Al coated onto CMOS sensor. The focal-plane assembly are active cooled to -30 degrees Celsius. ![]() They can thus be operated at moderately low temperatures. The CMOS detectors have some advantages over CCDs for their fast read-out speed, as fast as several tens of frames per seconds. This new type of detectors are back-side illumination CMOS sensors, which have 4 k by 4 k pixels (of pixel size 15 micro) and 6 cm by 6 cm in size. Since the focal-plane of Lobster-eye optics is sphere, each CMOS is tilted at a certain angle to reduce imaging degradation. A CMOS focal-plane assembly compose 2×2 CMOS sensors. The Lobster-eye optics assembly is mounted right below the optical baffle, which is composed of 6 by 6 mosaicking MPO plates glued onto a AL-SiC supporting grid. An optical baffle is attached at the front end of the MPO assembly to shield optical stray light from the Sun, the Moon and the Earth. Design of WXTįigure 3 shows the layout of one WXT module. Such a wide-field lobster-eye telescope provides the technological basis of the next generation wide-field X-ray monitors to detect faint and short-lived phenomena like high-redshift Gamma-Ray Bursts, distant X-ray novae and tidal disruption events.įigure 2 A fight model of a lobster-eye MPO mirror assembly developed at X-ray Imaging Lab, NAOC, CAS. The PSF remains almost unchanged over the entire FOV without vignetting of the effective area. The FoV of the optical arrangement indicated in Figure 2 is only limited by the size of the optics (the number of MPO pieces) or the size of the detector. The reflection surfaces are configured orthogonal to each other without a specific optical axis, and thus the FOV can in principle subtend the entire solid angle.įigure 1 Lobster eye optics: X-rays from a distant source illuminating micro pores are brought onto the focus on a focal plane (sphere) with a characteristic cruciform pointing spread function. Incoming light is reflected off the walls of many tiny square pores arranged on a sphere and pointed towards the co-centric spherical center. An alternative configuration is Lobster-eye optics (Angel 1979), which mimics the imaging principle of the eyes of lobsters as shown in Figure 1.
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